In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum … Ver mais Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called photons), in which he derived Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics. Einstein was impressed, … Ver mais This transition to BEC occurs below a critical temperature, which for a uniform three-dimensional gas consisting of non-interacting particles with no apparent internal degrees of freedom is given by: where: Ver mais The Gross-Pitaevskii equation is a partial differential equation in space and time variables. Usually it does not have analytic solution and different numerical methods, such as split-step Crank-Nicolson and Fourier spectral methods, are used for its solution. There are … Ver mais Quantized vortices As in many other systems, vortices can exist in BECs. Vortices can be created, for example, by … Ver mais Ideal Bose gas For an ideal Bose gas we have the equation of state: Ver mais Bose Einstein's non-interacting gas Consider a collection of N non-interacting particles, which can each be in one of two quantum states, $${\displaystyle 0\rangle }$$ and $${\displaystyle 1\rangle }$$. If the two states are equal in energy, each different … Ver mais Superfluid helium-4 In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, … Ver mais Web7 de dez. de 2011 · A photon in a superconductor gets a mass, and this is the Higgs mechanism. For a relativistic boson described by a scalar field, you give the field a constant nonzero value to make a condensate. When the field has charge, this makes a superconducting condensate which gives the gauge boson a mass.
Generation of the Higgs Condensate and Its Decay after Inflation
Web19 de jun. de 2013 · The higgs perturbations correspond to isocurvature modes during inflation but they could generate significant adiabatic perturbations at a later stage for … WebWe investigate the scalar and pseudoscalar spectrum of the SU(2) gauge theory with Nf = 2 flavours of fermions in the fundamental representationusing non perturbative lattice simulations. We provide first benchmark estimates of the mass of the lightest 0(0 + ) (σ), 0(0 − ) (η ′ ) and 1(0 + ) (a0) states,including estimatesof the relevant … immigration effects on cities
Top quark condensate - Wikipedia
Web16 de mar. de 2024 · Abstract: We model the Higgs condensate of the Standard Model as a relativistic quantum fluid analogous to superfluid helium. We find that the low-lying … Web1 de nov. de 2002 · The stronger the interactions between the particles and the Higgs condensate are, the heavier the particles become. The Higgs mechanism is an essential part of the Standard Model. Without it the quarks and leptons – and also the W and Z bosons – would all be massless and the world as we know it could not exist. WebThe major difference is that there are 3 separate Higgs-like condensates, one for each family, each with an identical VEV, all completely symmetric with each other under the global exact SU (3) family symmetry. The W's and Z's get a mass from an arbitrary one of these 3, leaving 2 dynamical Higgs-like condensates. list of taylor and francis journals